Eventos adversos asociados a la seroterapia y estrategias de atención segura en el accidente ofídico pediátrico: revisión exploratoria.
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https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v4/n4/443Palabras clave:
Accidente Ofídico, Antivenenos, Eventos Adversos, Pediatría, Seguridad del PacienteResumen
El accidente ofídico en pacientes pediátricos representa una emergencia que puede generar complicaciones importantes debido al efecto del veneno y a las posibles reacciones adversas derivadas del uso del antiveneno. El propósito de la revisión fue analizar la evidencia disponible sobre estos eventos adversos y las medidas utilizadas para garantizar una atención segura. Para ello, se efectuó una revisión exploratoria basada en los criterios del Joanna Briggs Institute y PRISMA-ScR, consultando bases de datos como PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, LILACS y WHO IRIS, con estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2025. Se identificaron ocho investigaciones que reunieron 367 pacientes pediátricos, aunque la mayoría correspondió a reportes de casos. Entre las principales complicaciones se encontraron el edema grave, la necrosis de los tejidos, las alteraciones de la coagulación y el sangrado, además del síndrome compartimental agudo. Asimismo, algunos estudios registraron reacciones alérgicas y casos de anafilaxia relacionados con la administración del antiveneno. La aplicación temprana del tratamiento y la vigilancia clínica permanente fueron las estrategias de atención más frecuentes. En conclusión, aunque la evidencia disponible es escasa y presenta diferencias entre los estudios, se reconoce que administrar oportunamente el antiveneno, mantener una supervisión constante y tratar de manera temprana las complicaciones son medidas esenciales para brindar una atención segura a los niños afectados por accidentes ofídicos.
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