Estrategias Ambientales Para Prevenir Enfermedades Respiratorias En Los Profesionales De Salud En El Área Hospitalaria.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v3/nE1/175Palabras clave:
Enfermedades respiratorias, factores ambientales hospitalarios, personal de salud, prevención, bioseguridadResumen
Las enfermedades respiratorias representan un riesgo significativo para el personal de salud debido a su constante exposición a diversos factores ambientales en el entorno hospitalario. Esta revisión sistemática analizó estudios con nivel descriptivo-analítico, con modalidad documental y retrospectiva, publicados entre 2020 y 2025 en bases de datos biomédicas y académicas, con el objetivo de identificar los factores ambientales más relevantes y las estrategias implementadas para prevenir dichas enfermedades. Los resultados evidencian que los principales factores de riesgo se agrupan en tres categorías: químicos (formaldehído, xileno, compuestos orgánicos volátiles), biológicos (virus, bacterias y microorganismos en ambientes mal ventilados) y físicos (deficiencias en ventilación, humedad, polvo y mala calidad del aire). Entre las estrategias preventivas más destacadas se encuentran la mejora de los sistemas de ventilación y control ambiental, el uso adecuado de equipos de protección personal, la capacitación del personal sanitario y la implementación de protocolos de higiene y bioseguridad. Aunque la mayoría de los estudios presentan limitaciones metodológicas, los hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas de salud ocupacional, así como de impulsar investigaciones futuras con diseños más sólidos que permitan establecer relaciones causales. Se concluye que garantizar un ambiente hospitalario saludable contribuye a la protección de los profesionales de la salud, a la reducción del ausentismo laboral y a una mejor calidad de atención para los pacientes.
Descargas
Referencias
Austin, H. K. (2024). A comprehensive literature review on the effects of indoor air pollutants on human health. Atmosphere. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11151271/
Bansal, V., Patel, R., & Singh, S. (2025). Surface disinfection frequency and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: A multicenter cohort study. American Journal of Infection Control, 53(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2024.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2024.11.003
Betancur, S., Rojas, L., & Montoya, P. (2024). Occupational exposure to chemical substances and adverse health outcomes among environmental services workers: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(5), 1224–1238. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11172402/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2024.2311870
Brady, T. M., Lindsley, W. G., & Noti, J. D. (2024). Mitigating airborne infection risks in healthcare settings through enhanced ventilation and air cleaning: A systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection, 141(5), 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2024.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2024.06.009
Braggion, A., et al. (2024). Indoor air quality and COVID-19: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(3), 658–669. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10810127/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2023.1605803
Cherrie, J. W., Semple, S., & Cowie, H. (2025). Comparative effectiveness of environmental controls versus personal protective equipment in infection prevention. Journal of Hospital Infection, 142(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2025.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2025.02.002
Collins, A. P. (2021). N95 respirator and surgical mask effectiveness against respiratory viral infections in healthcare workers. Journal of Hospital Infection. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8552225/
Correia, G., Rodrigues, L., & Silva, P. (2025). Indoor air quality and airborne transmission under the One Health perspective. Building and Environment, 251, 111743. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12356325/
Ibrahim, F., et al. (2022). Hospital indoor air quality and its relationships with building design, human occupancy and outdoor sources. Environmental Research, 214, 114086. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9679624/
Implementation Review. (2022). The implementation of portable air-cleaning technologies in healthcare settings: A scoping review. Indoor and Built Environment. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9744491/
Kumar, S. (2023). Environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9948512/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34136
Li, Y., Nielsen, P. V., & Jin, R. (2025). Combined upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and downward ventilation for infection control in hospital wards. Building and Environment, 260, 110445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.110445
Loeb, M., et al. (2022). Medical masks versus N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 among healthcare workers. Annals of Internal Medicine, 175(12), 1629–1638. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9707441/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/P22-0021
Loureiro, A., Martins, D., & Pires, J. (2025). Systematic review of the literature on indoor air quality in healthcare units. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(7), 3471–3483. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12232835/
Mohammadi, A. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 detection in hospital indoor environments (settled dust and surfaces). Environmental Research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9301582/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101511
Motta, O. (2021). Environmental and biological monitoring of formaldehyde exposure in medical university personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7967491/
Nagle, S. (2022). Environmental SARS-CoV-2 contamination in hospital rooms of patients. Indoor Air. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9098885/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.05.003
Nourozi, M., Ahmadi, E., & Ramezani, F. (2024). Performance of mechanical ventilation systems for airborne infection control in hospital wards: A review. Indoor and Built Environment, 33(7), 1256–1270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X241086871
Oringanje, C. M. (2025). Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for surface cleaning within healthcare facilities: A systematic review. Journal of Infection Prevention. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11905184/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jphia.v16i2.572
Puente-Guachún, D. A., Paute-Balarezo, K. E., Mera-Yunga, O. A., Mera-Navarrete, M. J., & Alao-Guamán, M. F. (2025). Exceso de peso en el personal de la Función Judicial del Azuay: una alerta para la salud ocupacional. Innova Science Journal, 3(4), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v3/n4/125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v3/n4/125
Pilicita- Caiza, J. T., Quishpe-Imba, G. E., & González-Naranjo, D. E. (2025). Cuidados de enfermería en pacientes pediátricos críticos con insuficiencia respiratoria. Innova Science Journal, 3(2), 138-150. https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v3/n2/60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63618/omd/isj/v3/n2/60
Ramos, C. C. R., et al. (2020). Use of ultraviolet-C in environmental sterilization in hospitals: A systematic review. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 66(11), 1563–1570. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7644456/
Resendiz, M. (2023). A systematic review of the germicidal effectiveness of UV-C technologies on environmental surface disinfection. American Journal of Infection Control. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10273798/
Sankurantripati, P., Rao, R., & Devi, S. (2024). Barriers to implementing environmental infection control strategies in resource-limited hospitals: A narrative synthesis. Infection Prevention in Practice, 6(4), 101243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2024.101243
Surawattanasakul, V. (2022). Respiratory symptoms and sick building syndrome among office workers in a Thai university hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9518424/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710850
Wilson, N. M., Marks, G. B., Eckhardt, A., & Morawska, L. (2022). Aerosol generation from respiratory procedures: An updated review to inform hospital infection control. Journal of Hospital Infection, 120, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.018
Wu, G. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N95 respirators. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10509348/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102414
Yanaka, M. (2025). A mixed-effects analysis of post-screening infection reduction with targeted universal N95 respirator use. BMJ Open. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12482620/
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Quimbita-Quimbita, María Cristina, Salazar-Tigcilema, Jessica Patricia, Llamusca-Aspiazu, Eduardo Francisco (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
: