Lo, C. K. (2023). What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the
literature. Education Sciences, 13(4), Article 410.
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
Melisa, R., Ashadi, A., Triastuti, A., Hidayati, S., Salido, A., Ero, P. E. L., Marlini, C.,
Zefrin, Z., & Al Fuad, Z. (2025). Critical thinking in the age of AI: A systematic review
of AI’s effects on higher education. Educational Process International Journal, 14,
Article e2025031. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.14.31
Miao, F., & Holmes, W. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research.
UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693
Nasr, N. R., Tu, C.-H., Werner, J., Bauer, T., Yen, C.-J., & Sujo-Montes, L. (2025).
Exploring the impact of generative AI ChatGPT on critical thinking in higher education:
Passive AI-directed use or human–AI supported collaboration? Education Sciences,
15(9), Article 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091198
Nikolopoulou, K. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Exploring
ways of harnessing pedagogical practices with the assistance of ChatGPT.
International Journal of Changes in Education, 1(2), 103–111.
https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewIJCE42022489
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C.
D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J.,
Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E.,
McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V.
A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2021a). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated
guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D.,
Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J.,
Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E.,
McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V.
A., Whiting, P., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021b). PRISMA 2020 explanation and
elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ,
372, Article n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
PRISMA. (2020a). PRISMA 2020 checklist. https://www.prisma-statement.org/prisma-
2020-checklist
PRISMA. (2020b). PRISMA 2020 flow diagram. https://www.prisma-
statement.org/prisma-2020-flow-diagram
Qian, Y. (2025). Pedagogical applications of generative AI in higher education: A
systematic review of the field. TechTrends, 69, 1105–1120.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01100-1
Raitskaya, L., & Tikhonova, E. (2025). Enhancing critical thinking skills in ChatGPT-
human interaction: A scoping review. Journal of Language and Education, 11(2), 5–
19. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2025.27387
Tawfik, G. M., Dila, K. A. S., Mohamed, M. Y. F., Tam, D. N. H., Kien, N. D., Ahmed, A.
M., & Huy, N. T. (2019). A step by step guide for conducting a systematic review and
meta-analysis with simulation data. Tropical Medicine and Health, 47, Article 46.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0165-6